Interesting. If you press num-period, my assumption would be that the camera would zoom toward where these objects should be, which would indicate that they are still there. I’m also assuming that if you click in the dropdowns of the Outliner objects you’ve circled, you will be able to see the individual meshes (green triangle icon) that the objects are composed of.
If you can see these objects in other workspaces, it seems very unlikely that a viewport setting could be responsible, since other workspaces also use the 3D Viewport. Still, I would probably add a fresh Layout Workspace to the top bar and check just to see if something janky happened to the other one. I know these are instanced because my set of workspaces includes a DoubleLayout, and it doesn’t interfere with the default Layout workspace at all, so it remains a small possibility.
Bearing in mind that I have no idea what sort of project you were working on (and therefore whether the following is relevant), the next thing I would try is switching to Wireframe mode and disconnecting your materials and modifiers. My thinking is that maybe there’s some element of your scene that doesn’t play nice with cycles, or the reverse. Either way, as you temporarily strip elements away from these objects, you’re eventually going to arrive at a visible base case that gives you at least a slight idea of what happened.
Worse comes to worst, you could always try appending the objects to a new file, but I would be very surprised if that had any impact. I hope you find a solution, because other than setting the material alphas to 0, I’m not sure how I could go about reproducing this.