Wow. This takes me back. Took me a while to remember SOHCAHTOA.
If I remember it right, this stood for:
sin(angle) = opposite/hypotenuse
cos(angle) = adjacent/hypotenuse
tan(angle) = opposite/adjacent
It then took me a while to realise that opposite = y, adjacent = x and hypotenuse = startingDistance. Therefore, the x distance (adjacent) = cos(angle) * startingDistance (Hypotenuse) and the y is the sin version.
Must confess, I forgot to multiply the angle by Mathf.Deg2Rad though!
Where were you 15 years ago when I had to explain this to my kids?