Hey dude,
well its simple (because I was able to do it myself 
)
There are 3 thingsā¦
-
on ship I have collision detection (the same like you got on bricks etcā¦ void oncollision something), inside it there is a script that reads x of the ball and x of the ship. Difference of these values (the greater the further from the ship ball hits) is then multiplied with x vector of the speed of the ball. (thuss the ball bounces more sideways if its far from the ship center).
-
i also detect y speed in this collision detection. if its to low it means the ball goes to horizontally - this is the cause of horizontal loops (vertical loops are already solved by point 1). There is written something that if the y speed of the ball is below 5.0f then i hard set it to 5.0f at least. (I got the same on bricks in -5 vertical speed and +5 - because the ball can bounce to horizontaly from bricks as well in both ways - slightly going up, slightly going down). then i also hard set the y speed on -5 or +5 respectively (or maybe 10, iām not sure now).
-
finally i check absolute ball speed after the bounce. its absolute speed is Sqrt (XspeedXspeed + YspeedYspeed), I want the absolute speed of the ball be always a constant (10 works for me). I just adjust the X and Y speed of the ball by: ballabsolutespeed / 10 * (x and/or y speed).
the code is really a mess and iām sure it can all be done much more effectively, butā¦
THIS IS ON MY SHIP OBJECT:
void OnCollisionEnter2D(Collision2D collision)
{
//speedXY is bouncing speed in each axis - I just hard set both after the collision (maybe could use trigger instead)
speedX = 10 * (ball.transform.position.x - this.transform.position.x) + 0.5f * (Random.value - Random.value);
speedY = 8f - 7 * Mathf.Abs(ball.transform.position.x - this.transform.position.x) + 0.5f * (Random.value - Random.value);
// speedY is smaller if speedX is faster while speedX depends on x of ball - x of the ship
//Im sure random values are ********, but it was the first that worked for me before I got to know about random range, theyāre not even necessary as the variace of bounce is guaranteed by ball bouncin of ships more sideways if it hits off center)
// this sets higher y bounce if its to low - avoids horizontal loop
if (speedY < 5.0f)
{
speedY = 10.0f;
print(āOPRAVA LODIā);
}
// counting absolute speed of the ball
speedAbs = Mathf.Sqrt(speedX * speedX + speedY * speedY);
// recount so the absolute speed of the ball is always 10
speedX = ballspeed / speedAbs * speedX;
speedY = ballspeed / speedAbs * speedY;
//ballspeed is a public int (currently set to 10);
ball.GetComponent<Rigidbody2D>().velocity = new Vector2(speedX,speedY);
//final hard set of ball speed
}
And similar its done on a brick (I think its stupid and should all be on ball, but i just didnāt know how to find out if there is a collision of the ball with ship or with side of the playspace or with a brick). But well who cares, it works for now and later if I get smarter during the course I can fix it 
Hope it helps!!!
Feel free to ask if it doesnāt work for u.
. If it were a bit cooler I mightāve taken the code apart to see the values you were getting and what you have done but itās well over 35C here and the computer operator is really feeling the heat about now - time to get out of the room 
.